اثر پلی ساکاریدهای غیرنشاسته‌ای دانه جو مکمل شده با آنزیم بر عملکرد، جمعیت میکروبی و ریخت‌شناسی پرزهای روده کوچک جوجه‌های گوشتی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دوره دکتری تغذیه دام دانشگاه شهرکرد، ایران

2 استاد، موسسه تحقیقات علوم دامی کشور، کرج، ایران

3 استاد، گروه علوم دامی دانشگاه شهرکرد، ایران

چکیده

این آزمایش با 3 تیمار در 5 تکرار در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با استفاده از 375  قطعه جوجه یک روزه مخلوط از سویه راس 308 در دو دوره زمانی 1 تا 21 روزگی و 22 تا 42 روزگی اجرا گردید. گروه های آزمایشی  شامل شاهد، جو و جو مکمل شده با مخلوط آنزیم های فیتاز و مولتی گلایکاناز و صفات مورد بررسی شامل عملکرد،  جمعیت میکروبی روده کوچک و اندازه گیری مشخصات ظاهری پرزهای ناحیه ژژنوم بودند. نتایج نشان داد در کل دوره بیشترین و کمترین میزان خوراک مصرفی روزانه مربوط  به گروه های آزمایشی جو با آنزیم و شاهد تعلق داشت (01/0P<). بیشترین و کمترین میزان رشد روزانه  نیز به گروه های آزمایشی شاهد و جو بود (01/0P<). کمترین و بیشترین مقدار ضریب تبدیل غذایی  مربوط به گروه های آزمایشی شاهد و جو بود (01/0P<). در بین گروه های آزمایشی جو بیشترین جمعیت باکتری های گرم منفی، کلی فرم و کلستریدیوم و در مقابل کمترین جمعیت باکتری های اسید لاکتیک و بیفیدوباکتر را داشت (01/0P<). همچنین گروه آزمایشی جو در بین گروه ها از کمترین ابعاد پرز و بیشترین عمق کریپت برخوردار بود (01/0P<). مکمل سازی جو با آنزیم باعث افزایش جمعیت باکتری های مطلوب و بهبود ابعاد پرزهای روده شد. در کل، نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که با مصرف پلی ساکاریدهای غیر نشاسته ای جو به جیره ها کاهش عملکرد، افزایش جمعیت میکروبی نامطلوب  و صدمه به پرزهای روده کوچک مشاهده شد، اما مکمل سازی جیره های دارای جو با آنزیم باعث برطرف شدن مشکلات فوق شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Barges, S.A.  De Oliveria, J.P. Da Silva, A.V.F. and Dossantos, T.T. (2011). Use of electrolytes for birds. The practice of theory. Proceeding of Australian Poultry Science Symposium 14-16th Feb  2011, pp 170-183.
Bedford, M.R. Classen, H.L. and  Campbell, G.L. (1991). The effect of pelleting, salt and pentosanase on the viscosity of intestinal contents and the performance if broilers fed rye. Poultry Science, 70:1571-1577.
Brenes, A. Smith, C.H.A. Guener, W. Marquardt, R.R. (1993a). Effect of enzyme supplementation on the performance and digestive tract size of broiler chickens fed wheat and barley based diets. Poultry Science, 72, 1731-1739.
Brenes, A. Guener, W. Marquardt, R.R. and Rotter, B.A. (1993b). Effect of α-Glucanase/pentosanase­     enzyme supplementation on the performance of chickens and laying hens fed wheat, barley, naked oats and rye diets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 73:941-951.
Choct, M. and  Annison, G. (1992). Aniti-nutritive activity of wheat arabinoxylans: Role of viscosity. British Poultry Science, 33: 821-834.
Choct, M. (1997). Feed non-starch polysaccharides: Chemical structures and nutritional significance. Journal of  Feed Milling International, June Issue, pp. 13-26.
Choct, M, and  Kocher, A. (2000). Non starch carbohydrates: digestion and secondary effects in monogastrics. 24th  Annual Meeting of The Nutrition Society of Australia, pp. 26-32.
Christensen, H. R., Frokiar, h. and Pestka, J.J. (2002). Lactobacilli differentially modulate expression of cytokines and maturation surface markers in murine dendritic cells. Journal of Immunology, 168: 171- 178.
Cowan, W. D, and  Hastrupt, T. (1995). Application of  xylanases and β-glucanases to the feed of turkeys and ducks. In: Proc. 10th European symposium poultry nutrition, 15-19th october, Antalya, Turkey, p 320.
Donohue, M., Cunningham, D.L. (2009). Effects of grain and oilseed prices on the costs of US poultry production. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 18:325- 337.
Forder, R.E. Nattrass, G.S.  Geier, M.S. Hughes, R.J. and Hyrd, P.T. (2012). Quantitative analyses of genes associated with mucin synthesis of broiler chickens with induced necrotic enteritis. Poultry Science, 91:1335-1341.
Graham, H.  Bedford, M. and Choct, M. (1993). High gut digesta viscosity can reduce performance. Journal of Feed Stuff, 65:1-4.
Hetland, H.  Choct, M. and Svihus, B. (2004). Role of insoluble non-starch polysaccharides in poultry nutrition.  World Poultry Science Journal, 60: 415-422.
Hubener, K.  Vahjen, W. and Simon, O. (2002). Bacterial responses to different dietary cereal types and xylanase supplementation in the intestine of broiler chicken. Archive of Animal Nitrition, 65:167-187.
Jaroni, D,  Scheideler, S.E. Beck, M.M. Wyatt, C. (1999). The effect of dietary wheat middling and enzyme supplementation. II: Apparent nutrient digestibility, digestive tract size, gut viscosity and gut morphology in two strains of leghorn hens. Poultry Science,  78: 1664-1674.
Kalantar, M. Salary, J. Nouri Sanami, M. Khojastekey, M. and  Hemati Matin, H.R. (2014). Dietary supplementation of Silybum marinum or Curcuma spp on health characteristics and broiler chicken performance. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research, 2:58-63.
Langhout, D. J.  Schutte, J.B. Van Leeuwen, P. Wiebenga,  J. and Tamminga, S. (1999). Effect of dietary high-and  low-methylated citrus pectin on the activity of the ileal micro flora and  morphology of  the small intestinal wall of broiler chicks. British Poultry Science, 40: 340-347.
Langhout, D.J. Schuttle, j.B.  De Jong, J. Sloetjes, H. Verstegen, M.W.A. and Tamminga, S. (2000). Effect of viscosity on digestion of nutrients in conventional and germ-free chicks. British Journal of Nutrition, 83:533-540.
Mathlouthi, J.P. Lalles, N. Lepereq, P. Juste, C. and Larbier, M. (2002). Xylanase and β-glucanase supplementation improve conjugated bill acid fraction in intestinal contents and increase villus size of small intestine wall in broiler chickens fed a rye-based diet. Journal of Animal Science, 80:2773-2779.
Mirzaie, S. Zaghari, M. Aminzadeh,  S. Shivazad, M. Mateos, G.G. (2012). Effect of wheat inclusion and xylanase supplementation of the diet on productive performance, nutrient retention and endogenous intestinal enzyme activity of laying hens. Poultry Science, 91:413-425.    
Moharrery, A. and  Mohammadpour, A.A. (2005). Effect of diets containing different qualities of barley on growth performance and serum amylase and intestinal villus morphology. Iternational Journal of Poultry Science, 4:549-556.
Morakami, A. E.  Franco, H.R. Martins, E.N. Rondon, O.  Sakamato, m.I. and  Pereira, M.S. (2003). Effect of electrolyte balance in low-protein diets on broiler performance and tibial dyschonroplasia incidence. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 12:207-216.
Nourmohammadi, R.  and  Afzali, N . (2013). Effect of citric acid and microbial phytase on small intestine morphology in broiler chicken. Italian Journal of Animal Science ,Vol 12, No 1 (2013).  12:e7 doi:10.4081/ijas.2013.e7.
Olukosi, O.A.  Cowieson, A.J. Adeola, O. (2007). Age-related influence of a cocktail of xylanase, amylase, and protease or phytase individually or in combination in broilers. Poultry Science,  86:77-86.
Pourreza, J.  Samie, A.H. and Rowghani, E. (2007). Effect of supplemental enzyme on nutrient digestibility and performance of broiler chicks fed on diets containing triticale. International Journal of Poultry Science, 6:115-117.
Rama-Rao, S.V. Rajie, M.V.L.N. Reddy, M.R. and Panda, A.K. (2004). Replacement of yellow maize with pear millet, foxtail millet or finger millet in broiler chicken diets containing supplemental enzymes. Asian-Aust. Journal of Animal Science, 17:836-842.
Rakowska, M.B. Rek-Cieply, B. Lipinska, E. Kubinski, T. Barcz, I. and Afanasjew, B. (1993). The effect of rye, probiotics and niacin on fecal flora and histology of the small intestine of chicks. Journal of animal science, 2:73-81.
Ravindran, V.  Selle, P.H. Bryden, W.L. (1999). Effects of phytase supplementation, individually and in combination, with glycanase, on the nutritive value of wheat and barley. Poultry Science,  78: 1588-1595.
Rhee, K. J. Jasper, P.J. Sethupathi, P. Shanmugam, N. Lanning, D. and Knight, K.L. (2005). Positive selection of the peripheral B cell repertoire in gut-associated lymphoid tissues.  Journal of  Experimental Medicine, 201: 55-62.
Ross 308 Broiler Manual. (2009) Ross Nutrition Specification, Ross Nutrition Supplement, 2009. pp24
Rousseau, X.  Letourneau-Montminy, m.P. Meme, M. Magnin, M. Nys, Y. and Narcy, A. (2012). Phosphorous utilization in finishing broiler chickens: Effects of dietary calcium and microbial phytase. Poultry Science, 91:2820-2837.
Saki, A.A. Hemati Matin, H.R. Tabatabai, M.M.  Zamani, P. and Naseri Harsini, N. (2010). Microflora population, intestinal condition and performance of broilers in response to various rates of pectin and cellulose in the diet. European Poultry Science, 74: 183–188.
SAS Institute., 2004. SAS procedure guide for personal computers, STAT User Guide, Statistics. Version 9.1., SAS Institute INC, Cary NC.
Selle, P. H.  Huang, K.H. and  Muir, W.I. (2003). Effects of nutrient specifications and xylanase plus phytase supplementation of wheat based diets on growth performance and carcass traits of broiler chicks. Asian-Australian  Journal  of Animal  Science, 16:1501-1509.
Selle, P. H. and  Ravindran, V. (2007). Microbial phytase in poultry nutrition. Journal of  Animal Feed Science and Technology, 135:1-41.
Shakouri, M.D.  Kermanshahi, H. and Mohsenzadeh, M. (2006). Effect of different NSPs in semi purified diets on performance and intestinal microflora of young broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5: 557-561.
Silva, S.S. and  Smithard, R.R. (1996). Exogenous enzymes in broiler diet crypt cell proliferation, digesta viscosity short chain fatty acids and xylanase in the jejunum. British Poultry Science, 37:577-579.
Silva, S.S.P. and  Smithard, R.R. (2002). Effect of enzyme supplementation of a rye-based diet on xylanase activity in the small intestine of broilers, on intestinal crypt cell proliferation and on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of the birds. British Poultry Science, 43:274-282.
Slominski, B..A.( 2011). Recent advances in research on enzymes for poultry diets. A review: Poultry Science,  90:2013-2023.
Smits, C.H.M. and  Annison, G. (1996). Non-Starch polysaccharides in broiler nutrition towards an physiologically valid approach their determination. World's Poultry Science Journal, 52: 203-221.
Smits, C. H. M. Veldman, A. Verstegen, M. W. A. and Beynen, A. C. (1997). Dietary carboxymethyl cellulose with high instead of low viscosity reduces macronutrient digestion in broiler chickens. Journal of Nutrition, 127:483–487.
Viveros, A.  Brenes, A. Pizarro, M. and Castanb, M. (1994). Effect of enzyme supplementation of a diet based on barley on apparent digestibility, growth performance and gut morphology of broilers. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 48:237-251.
Wu, Y.B.  Ravindran, V. Thomas, D.J.  Birties, M.J. and Hendriks, W.H. (2004). Influence of method of whole wheat inclusion and xylanase supplementation on the performance, apparent metabolizable energy, digestive tract measurements and gut morphology of broilers. Journal of British Poultry Science, 45:385-394.