A review of insect utilization in poultry nutrition, opportunities and challenges

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Animal Science Research Institute, Department of animal nutrition and physiology, Karaj, Iran

2 Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

Abstract

The limitation of feed sources in Iran and all over the world has increased attentions to use alternative feedstuffs. Insect production is one the recommended approaches to improve food security for human and animals. Insects are rapidly grown and proliferated and because of being cold-blooded have appropriate feed conversion ratio. They also can convert agricultural residues into biomass contained proper value of energy and protein. This article has been focused on introduction of some insects used in poultry neutrino (including cricket, mealworm, black soldier fly larva, house fly larva, grasshopper) and earthworm, followed by reviewing the poultry nutritionist’s results about them, and ended up with pointing the challenges regarding to the extension of insect usage in poultry nutrition. The results of the researches indicated the appropriate levels of crude protein (42.1-63.3%) and metabolizable energy (3833-3298 kcal/kg) in evaluated insects or larva and the possibility of using them in poultry feed (commonly 5% of diet). Regarding the challenges of insect production and usage, some points which need especial attention are included: developing legal instructions for authorizing insect production and usage, choosing safe and proper insect species, type of litter and substrate of feeding, the chitin content of exoskeleton, as well as appropriate marketing and cultural education of the poultry farmers and human consumers of the poultry products.

Keywords

References

  • آمارنامه کشاورزی، جلد اول. 1397. مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات، معاونت برنامه­ریزی و اقتصادی، وزرات جهاد کشاورزی.
  • استادی، ی.، یاوری، غ.، شوکت فدایی، م.، احمدیان م. و ایمانی، س. (1396). شناسایی و اولویت­بندی موانع تولید حشرات خوراکی به­عنوان جیره غذایی از دیدگاه تولیدکنندگان دام و طیور با استفاده از روش  (AHP). فصلنامه تخصصی تحقیقات حشره‌شناسی، شماره 9، ص  ص. 1-16.
  • رضائی، م. (1383). بررسی امکان پرورش جیرجیرک خانگی به منظور تولید مکمل پروتئینی با کیفیت بالا. گزارش نهایی پروژه تحقیقاتی، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم دامی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی.
  • عبادی، ز.، میرهادی س. ا. و یعقوبفر، ا. (1388). مقایسه انرژی قابل سوخت­و­ساز اسیدهای چرب پودر کرم خاکی (Eisenia fetida) با دو نوع پودر ماهی (داخلی و وارداتی). فصلنامه پژوهش­های علوم دامی، شماره 9، ص ص. 24-29.
  • علیزاده قمصری، ا. م. 1399. اثرات پودر لارو سوسک شب زی (میل­ورم) بر عملکرد و پاسخ‌های ایمنی جوجه­های گوشتی. گزارش نهایی پروژه تحقیقاتی، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم دامی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی.
  • مدرس اول، م. حشره‌شناسی (عمومی، کاربردی و فونستیک). انتشارات بارثاوا، تهران.
  • هاشمی، س. م. 1399. مطالعه تولید پروتئین حشرات بر روی کود مرغ و زباله‌های آلی با استفاده از مگس خانگی. گزارش نهایی پروژه تحقیقاتی، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان قم، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی.
  • Abdul Razak, I., Yusof, H.A. and Engku. A.E.A. (2012). Nutritional evaluation of house cricket (Brachytrupes portentosus) meal for poultry. In: proceedings of the 7th Seminar in Veterinary Sciences. Universiti Putra, Malaysia p. 14-18.
  • Adesina, M.A., Adejinmi, O.O., Omole, A.J., Fayenuwo, J.A. and Osunkeye. O. (2011). Performance of broilers’ finishers fed graded levels of cassava peel-maggot meal-based diet mixtures. Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences. 9: 226-231.
  • Adeyemo G.O., Longe, O.G. and Lawal, H.A. (2008). Effects of feeding desert locust meal (Schistocerca gregaria) on performance and haematology of broilers. Tropentag; October 7-9; Hohenheim, Germany. In: http://www. tropentag.de/2008/abstracts/abstracts.php.
  • Agunbiade, J.A., Adeyemi, O.A., Ashiru, O.M., Awojobi, H.A., Taiwo, A.A., Oke, D.B. and Adekunmis, A.A. (2007). Replacement of fish meal with maggot meal in cassava-based layers’ diets. The Journal of Poultry Science. 44: 278-282.
  • Aniebo, A.O. and Owen, O.J. (2010). Effects of age and method of drying on the proximate composition of housefly larvae (Musca domestica Linnaeus) meal (HFLM). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 9: 485-487.
  • Arango-Gutierrez, G.P., Vergara-Ruiz, R.A. and Mejia-Velez, H. (2004). Compositional, microbiological and protein digestibility analysis of larval meal of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) at Angelopolis-Antioquia, Colombia. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin. 57: 2491-2499.
  • Bahadori Z., Esmaylzadeh L. and Torshizi, M.A.K. (2015). The effect of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) and vermihumus meal in diet on broilers chicken efficiency and carcass components. Biological Forum – An International Journal. 7: 998-1005.
  • Bamgbose, A.M. (1999). Utilization of maggot-meal in cockerel diets. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 69: 1056-1058.
  • Biasato, I., Gasco, L., De Marco, M., Renna, M., Rotolo, L., Dabbou, S., Capucchio, M.T., Biasibetti, E., Tarantola, M., Bianchi, C., Cavallarin, L., Gai, F., Pozzo, L., Dezzutto, D., Bergagna, S. and Schiavone, A. (2017). Effects of yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) inclusion in diets for female broiler chickens: implications for animal health and gut histology. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 234: 253-263.
  • Bjorge, J.D., Overgaard, J., Malte, H., Gianotten, N. and Heckmann, L.H. 2018. Role of temperature on growth and metabolic rate in the tenebrionid beetles Alphitobius diaperinus and Tenebrio molitor. Journal of Insect Physiology. 107: 89-96.
  • Bovera, F., Piccolo, G., Gasco, L., Marono, S., Loponte, R., Vassalotti, G., Mastellone, V., Lombardi, P., Attia, Y.A. and Nizza. A. (2015). Yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor, L.) as a possible alternative to soybean meal in broiler diets. British Poultry Science. 56: 569-575.
  • Brah, N., Issa, S. and Houndonougbo, F.M. (2017). Effect of grasshopper meal on laying hens’ performance and eggs quality characteristics. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 87: 1005-1010.
  • Cicatiello, C., De Rosa, B., De Rosa, B., Franco, S., Franco, S. and Lacetera, N. (2016). Consumer approach to insects as food: barriers and potential for consumption in Italy. British Food Journal. 118: 2271-2286.
  • Cohen, J.H., Sanchez, N.D.M. and Montiel-ishinoet, F.D. (2009). Chapulines and food choices in rural Oaxaca. Gastronomica: the Journal of Food and Culture. 9: 61-65.
  • Collavo, A., Glew, R.H., Huang, Y.S., Chuang, L.T., Bosse, R. and Paoletti, M.G. (2005). House cricket small-scale farming. In: Paoletti, M.G. (ed.), Ecological implications of minilivestock: potential of insects, rodents, frogs and snails. 519-544. New Hampshire, Science Publishers.
  • Cullere, M., Tasoniero, G., Giaccone, V., Miotti-Scapin, R., Claeys, E., DeSmet, S. and Dalle Zotte, A. (2016). Black soldier fly as dietary protein source for broiler quails: apparent digestibility, excreta microbial load, feed choice, performance, carcass and meat traits. 10:1923-1930.
  • Dabbou, S., Gai, F., Biasato, I., Capucchio, M.T., Biasibetti, E., Dezzutto, D., Meneguz, M., Placha, I., Gasco, L. and Schiavone, A. (2018). Black soldier fly defatted meal as a dietary protein source for broiler chickens: Effects on growth performance, blood traits, gut morphology and histological features. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology.9: 49.
  • DeFoliart, G.R. (1992). A concise summary of the general nutritional value of insects. Crop Protection. 11: 395-399.
  • DeFoliart, G.R., Finke, M.D. and Sunde. M.L. (1982). Potential value of the Mormon cricket (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) harvested as a high-protein feed for poultry. Journal of Economic Entomology. 75: 848-852.
  • Dominguez, J., Aira, M. and Gomez-Brandon, M. (2010). Verming composting: earthworm enhances the work of microbes. In: Insam, H., Franke-Whittle, H., Goberna, M. (eds.) Microbes at Work: from Wastes to Resources.Berlin, Springer, pp. 93-114.
  • EFSA Scientific Committee. (2015). Scientific opinion on a risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed. EFSA Journal, 13: 4257.
  • Egan, B. A. (2013). Culturally and economically significant edible insects in the Blouberg region, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Doctoral dissertation, Ph.D. thesis, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa.
  • (2009). The state of food and agriculture: Livestock in the balance. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i0680e.pdf. [Accessed on: 27/02/2020].
  • (2011). World Livestock 2011: Livestock in food security. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/i2373e/i2373e.pdf. [Accessed on: 03/02/2020].
  • https://www.Feedipedia.org [Accessed on: 22/06/2020].
  • Finke, M.D. (2002). Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores. Zoo Biology. 21: 269-285.
  • Gibreil, S. and Idris, A.A. (1997). Utilization of locust meal in poultry diets. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Study. 1: 19-23.
  • Gerber, P.J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., Falcucci, A. and Tempio. G. (2013). Tackling climate change through livestock – A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3437e.pdf. [Accessed on: 01/05/2020].
  • Giannone, M., (2003). A natural supplement made of insect larvae. Rivista di Avicoltura. 72: 40-41.
  • Hale, O.M. (1973). Dried Hermetia illucens larvae (Stratiomyidae) as a feed additive for poultry. Georgia Entomological Society. 8: 16-20.
  • Hamerman, E.J. (2016). Cooking and disgust sensitivity influence preference for attending insectbased food events. 96: 319-326.
  • Heuze, V. and Tran, G. (2013). Locust meal, locusts, grasshoppers and crickets. Feedipedia.org. A programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. http://feedipedia.org/node/198. [Accessed on: 22/06/2020].
  • Hornung, B. (1991). The importance of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor, L. 1758) as carriers of zearalenone when fed to insectivorous birds and other pet animals. In: Die Bedeutung der Larven des Mehlkafers (Tenebrio molitor, L. 1758) als Ubertrager von Zearalenon in der Futterung von insektivoren Vogeln und anderen Heimtieren. pp. 81.
  • Hwangbo, J., Hong, E.C., Jang, A., Kang, H.K., Oh, J.S., Kim, B.W. and Park, B.S. (2009). Utilization of house fly-maggots, a feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens. Journal of Environmental Biology. 30: 609-614.
  • IPIFF Task Force on Good Hygiene Practices. (2019). Draft EU Guide on Good Hygiene Practices for producers of insects as food & feed. 100 pp.
  • Janssen, W.M.M.A. (1989). European table of energy values for poultry feedstuffs. 3rd Beekbergen, Netherlands: Spelderholt Center for Poultry Research and Information Services.
  • Jozefiak, D., Jozefiak, A., Kieronczyk, B., Rawski, M., Swiatkiewicz, S., Dlugosz, J. and Engberg, R.M. (2016). Insects-A Natural Nutrient Source for Poultry-A Review. Annals of Animal Science. 16: 297-313.
  • Jozefiak, A., and Engberg. R.M. (2017). Insect proteins as a potential source of antimicrobial peptides in livestock production. Journal of Animal and Feed Science. 26: 87-99.  
  • Khan, S.H. (2018). Recent advances in role of insects as alternative protein source in poultry nutrition. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 46: 1144-1157.
  • Khan, M., Chand, N., Khan, S., Khan, R.U. and Sultan, A. (2018). Utilizing the house fly (Musca Domestica) larva as an alternative to soybean meal in broiler ration during the starter phase. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science.20: 9-14.
  • Khusro, M., Andrew, N.R. and Nicholas, A. (2012). Insects as poultry feed: a scoping study for poultry production systems in Australia. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 68: 435-446.
  • Lahteenmaki-Uutela, A., Grmelova, N., Henault-Ethier, L., Deschamps, M., Vandenberg, G.W., Zhao, A., Zhang, Y., Yang, B. and Nemane, V. (2017). Insects as Food and Feed: Laws of the European Union, United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, and China. Insects as Food and Feed. 12: 22-36.
  • Liu, C.M. and Lian, Z.M. (2003). Influence of Acrida cinerea replacing Peru fish meal on growth performance of broiler chickens. Journal of Economic Animal. 7: 48-51.
  • Loh, T.C., Fong, L.Y., Foo, H.L., Thanh, N.T. and Sheikh-Omar, A.R. (2009). Utilisation of earthworm meal in partial replacement of soybean and fish meals in diets of broilers. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 36: 29-32.
  • Lundy, M.E. and Parrella, M.P. (2015). Crickets are not a free lunch: protein capture from scalable organic side-streams via high-density populations of Acheta domesticus. PLoS ONE. 10(4): e0118785.
  • Makkar, H.P.S., Gilles, T., Heuze, V. and Ankers, P. (2014). State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 197: 1-33.
  • Maurer, V., Holinger, M., Amsler, Z., Fruh, B., Wohlfahrt, J., Stamer, A. and Leiber, F. (2016). Replacement of soybean cake by Hermetia illucens meal in diets for layers. Journal of Insects for Food and Feed. 2: 83-90.
  • Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2012). A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products. 15: 401-415.
  • Mensah, G.A., Pomalegni, S.C.B., Koudjou, A.L., Cakpovi, J.C.G., Adjahoutonon, K.Y.K.B. and Agoundo, A. (2007). Flour of fly maggots, a source of protein well valued in the diet of the Muscovy ducks. In: Proceeding of the 1st Conference of the UAC of science cultures and technologies. Abomey-Calavi, Benin. Pp. 21-22.
  • Moreki, J.C., Tiroesele, B. and Chiripasi, S.C. (2012). Prospects of utilizing insects as alternative sources of protein in poultry diets in Botswana. Journal of Animal Science Advances. 2: 649-658.
  • Nakagaki, B.J., Sunde, M.L. and DeFoliart, G.R. (1987). Protein quality of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, when fed to broiler chicks. Poultry Science. 66: 1367-1371.
  • Newton, G.L., Sheppard, D.C. and Burtle, G. (2008). Research Briefs: Black soldier fly prepupae- a compelling alternative to fish meal and fish oil. Available online: https://lpelc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Black_soldier_flies.pdf. [Accessed on: 22/06/2020].
  • Ojewola, G.S., Okoye, F.C. and Ukoha, O.A. (2005). Comparative utilization of three animal protein sources by broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science. 4: 462-467.
  • Okah, U. and Onwujiariri, E.B. (2012). Performance of finisher broiler chickens fed maggot meal as a replacement for fish meal. Journal of Agricultural Technology. 8: 471-477.
  • Oluokun, J.A. (2000). Upgrading the nutritive value of full-fat soybeans meal for broiler production with either fishmeal or black soldier fly larvae meal (Hermetia illucens). Nigerian Journal of Animal Science. 3: 51-61.
  • Pascucci, S. and Magistris, T.D. (2013). Information bias condemning radical food innovators? The case of insect-based products in the Netherlands. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. 16: 1-16.
  • Pretorius, Q. (2011). The evaluation of larvae of Musca domestica (common house fly) as protein source for broiler production. M.Sc. Thesis. Department of Animal Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. [Accessed 2016 Sep 17].
  • Ramos-Elorduy, J., Avila Gonzalez, E., Rocha Hernandez, A. and Pino, J.M. (2002). Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. Journal of Economic Entomology. 95: 214-220.
  • Schiavone, A., De Marco, M., Rotolo, L., Belforti, M., Martinez-Miro, S., Madrid- Sanchez, J., Hernandez-Ruiperez, F., Bianchi, C., Sterpone, L., Malfatto, V., Katz, H., Zoccarato, I., Gai, F. and Gasco, L. (2014). Nutrient digestibility of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor meal in broiler chickens, In: Vantomme, P., Munke, C. and van Huis, A. (eds.) 1st International Conference “Insects to Feed the World”, pp. 73, Wageningen, the Netherlands, Wageningen University.
  • Sogari, G., Amato, M., Biasato, I., Chiesa, S. and Gasco, L. (2019). The potential role of insects as feed: a multi-perspective review. 9(4): 119.
  • Son, J.H. (2006). Effects of feeding earthworm meal on the egg quality and performance of laying hens. Korean Journal of Poultry Science 33: 41-47.
  • Ssepuuya, G., Namulawa, V., Mbabazi, D., Mugerwa, S., Fuuna, P., Nampijja, Z., Ekesi, S., Fiaboe, K.K.M. and Nakimbugwe, D. (2017). Use of insects for fish and poultry compound feed in sub-Saharan Africa - a systematic review. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. 3: 289-302.
  • St-Hilaire, S., Sheppard, C., Tomberlin, J.K., Irving, S., Newton, L., McGuire, M.A., Mosley, E.E., Hardy, R.W. and Sealey, W. (2007). Fly prepupae as a feedstuff for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 38: 59-67.
  • Sun, T., Long, R.J. and Liu, Z.Y. (2013). The effect of a diet containing grasshoppers and access to free-range on carcase and meat physicochemical and sensory characteristics in broilers. Brazillian Poultry Science. 54: 130-137.
  • Sun, T., Long, R.J., Liu, Z.Y., Ding, W.R. and Zhang, Y. (2012). Aspects of lipid oxidation of meat from free-range broilers consuming a diet containing grasshoppers on alpine steppe of the Tibetan Plateau. Poultry Science. 91: 224-231.
  • Tiroesele, B., and Moreki, J.C. (2012). Termites and earthworms as potential alternative sources of protein for poultry. International Journal for Agro Veterinary and Medical Sciences. 6: 368-376.
  • van Broekhoven, S. (2015). Quality and safety aspects of mealworms as human food. Doctoral dissertation, The Netherland, Wageningen Universiteit.
  • van Huis, A., Van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G. and Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible insects - future prospects for food and feed security. FAO Forestry Paper. 171:1-201.
  • van Lenteren, J.C. (2006). Ecosystem services to biological control of pests: why are they ignored? Proceedings of the Netherlands Entomological Society Meeting. 17: 103-111.
  • Veldkamp, T., van Duinkerken, G., van Huis, A., Lakemond, C.M.M., Ottevanger, E., Bosch, G. and. van Boekel, M.A.J.S (2012). Insects as a sustainable feed ingredient in pig and poultry diets - a feasibility study. Report 638 - Wageningen Livestock Research.
  • Wang, D., Zhai, S., Zhang, C.X., Zhang, Q. and Chena, H. (2007). Nutrition value of the Chinese grasshopper Acrida cinerea (Thunberg) for broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 135: 66-74.
  • Wang, D., Zhai, S.W., Zhang, C.X., Bai, Y.Y., An, S.H. and Xu, Y.N. (2005). Evaluation on nutritional value of field crickets as a poultry feedstuff. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 18: 667-670.
  • Yates-Doerr, E. (2015). The world in a box? Food security, edible insects, and “One World, One Health” collaboration. Social Science and Medicine. 129: 106-112.
Animal Sciences Journal
Volume 34, Issue 131
September 2021
Pages 167-186

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics