Investigation of water pollution in dairy cattle farms in Qazvin province to some heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and mercury)

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Abstract

the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of some heavy metals in the drinking water consumed by dairy farms in Qazvin province. For this study, water samples of 35 industrial dairy herds under the auspices of the Livestock Breeders Union of Qazvin province in different cities including Abyek, Qazvin, Takestan, Buin Zahra and Alborz were collected by direct reference and the concentration of heavy metals including lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and mercury were determined. Then, the obtained data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. The concentrations of lead and cadmium in the sampled water were 0.67± 0.98 and 0.42±0.11 μg/kg respectively and there was no significant difference in the concentration of these elements among different cities. The mean concentrations of chromium in the water samples from Buin Zahra city was more than other areas of the province (P ≤ 0.05). The mean concentrations of nickel and mercury in the water consumed in dairy farms were 0.65± 0.79 and 0.38± 0.33 μg/kg respectively. There was no significant differences in nickel and mercury concentrations among different cities.In general, since the concentrations of heavy metals are less than the minimum hazardous levels, water consumed in industrial farms in Qazvin province in terms of impact on animal health and product quality can be consumed without any worries.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Appuhamy, J., Judy, J.V., Kebreab, E. and Kononoff, P.J. (2016). Prediction of drinking water intake by dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 99(9), 7191–7205.
Bakircioglu, D., Kurtulus, Y.B. and Ucar, G. (2011). Determination of some traces metal levels in cheese samples packaged in plastic and tin containers by ICP-OES after dry, wet and microwave digestion. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49 (1): 202-207.
Emami, A., Ganjkhanlou, M., zali, A., Akbari -Afjani, A. and Amini, M. (2014). Effect of chromium-methionine supplementation on hematologic characteristics and meat quality parameters in goat kids. Journal of Veterinary Research, 69(3), 291-299.
European Food Safety Authority. (2004). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the Commission related to cadmium as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA Journal, 72, 1–24.
Giri, A., Bharti, V.K., Kalia, S., Arora, A., Balaje, S.S.  and Chaurasia, O.P. (2020). A review on water quality and dairy cattle health: a special emphasis on high-altitude region. Applied Water Science, 10(3), 1-16.
Gumpu, M.B., Sethuraman, S., Krishnan, U.M. and Rayappan, J.B.B. (2015). A review on detection of heavy metal ions in water–An electrochemical approach. Sensors and actuators B: chemical, 213: 515-33.
Malakootian, M. and MohammadiSenjedkooh, S. (2014). Quality assessment of Sirjan Plain groundwater resources to evaluate their contamination to heavy metals at 2014. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of medical sciences, 2(2), 31-40. (In Persian)
Murphy, M.R. (1992). Water metabolism of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 75:326-333.
Najarnezhad, V. and Akbarabadi, M. (2013). Heavy metals in raw cow and ewe milk from north-east Iran, Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B 6:3, 158-162.
Nordberg, G.F., Fowler, B.A., Nordberg, M. and Friberg, L.T. (2007). In: Handbook on the toxicology of metals (3rd Ed). Academic Press Inc., USA, 108-119.
National Research Council. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 215-221.
Olkowski, A.A. (2009). Livestock water quality, a field guide for cattle, horses, poultry and swine. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON. 157 pp
Orisakwe, O.E., Oladipo, O.O., Ajaezi, G.C. and Udowelle, N.A. (2017). Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Heavy Metals in Farm Produce and Livestock around Lead-Contaminated Goldmine in Dareta and Abare, Zamfara State, Northern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 1-12. .
Radmehr, B., Nematparvar, M., Farhoodi Moghadam, M. and Khoshnevis, M. (2010). Correlation between Lead concentrations in produced milk and drinking water in a few dairy farms of Tehran province. Journal of veterinary clinical research, 1(1), 49-56. 
Sathyamoorthy, K., Sivaruban, T. and Barathy, S. (2016). Assessment of heavy metal pollution and contaminants in the cattle meat. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 32, 1, 350-355.
Sigrist, M., Beldoménico, H., and Repetti, M.R. (2010). Evaluation of the influence of arsenical livestock drinking waters on total arsenic levels in cow’s raw milk from Argentinean dairy farms. Food Chemistry, 121:487–491.
Swarup, D., Patra, R.C., Naresh, R., Kumar, P. and Shekhar, P. (2005). Blood lead levels in lactating cows reared around polluted localities; Transfer of lead into milk. Science of the Total Environment, 15(1-3): 67-71.
Tekaya, N., Saiapina, O., Ben Ouada, H., Lagarde, F., Ben Ouada, H. and Jaffrezic-Renault, N. (2013). Ultra-sensitive conductometric detection of heavy metals based on inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity from Arthrospiraplatensis. Bioelectrochemistry, 90, 24–29.
WHO. (2011). Cadmium in Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality.
Miclean, M., Cadar, O., Levei, E.A., Roman, R., Ozunu, A. and Levei, L. (2019). Metal (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) Transfer along Food Chain and Health Risk Assessment through Raw Milk Consumption from Free-Range Cows. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(21), 4064.
Aycicek, M., Kaplan, O. and Yaman, M. (2008). Effect cadmium on germination, seedling growth and metal contents of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Asian Journal of Chemistry. 20. 4. 2663-2672 
Norouzirad, R., González-Montaña, J.R., Martínez-Pastor, F., Hosseini, H., Shahrouzian, A., Khabazkhoob, M., Ali Malayeri, F., Moallem Bandani, H., Paknejad, M. and Foroughi-nia, B. (2018). Lead and cadmium levels in raw bovine milk and dietary risk assessment in areas near petroleum extraction industries. Science of the Total Environment. 635, 308–314
González-Montaña, J.R., Senís, E., Gutiérrez, A. and Prieto, F. (2012). Cadmium and lead in bovine milk in the mining area of the Caudal River (Spain). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 184, 4029–4034.